Delhi-The Mistress Of The Emperors
DELHI-mistress of the emperors
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BY SANJAI VELAYUDHAN
INTRODUCTION
Delhi magnificent. Delhi on terrible! What orgies of celebrations, what horrors of pillage and bloodshed it has not endured Norah Rowan-Hamilton
Geographical Delhi is in the form of a 30 km radius circle, and it sits like a big blob of black and gray at the edge of the Indo Gangetic plain, one of the flattest and most fertile and densely populated areas in the world. On the east and north of Delhi is the lush greenery of the plains to the west is Thar Desert and against south is the river Yamuna. Some 300 km north of Delhi is the Himalayan mountains.
Delhi is no ordinary city. It was always vortex of significant political events and has a strong historical background. Due to the fact that it was ruled over by some of the most powerful emperors in Indian history, Delhi has witnessed political turmoil for over five centuries. Coming to the fore with the first ruler who identified the strategic advantages of location, is it not looked back. Every wall and pillar crumbling monuments and ruins has a history of its own to tell. Each is filled with history. Delhi has a regal and majestic story that is quite alive from the rise and fall of different rules. While rulers came and went, the city experienced wars and resurrection, repeatedly rising from the ashes. There is no denying the fact that the history of India revolves around the rich history of Delhi.
Nobody really knows for sure when Delhi began. Archaeological excavations near the city, have uncovered ruins that are thousands of years old. Some of the ruins have been identified with the Indus Valley culture. This is a significant discovery as this culture has been identified as one of the four centers, which gave rise to human civilization (the other were China, Mesopotamia and Egypt). Evidence of habitation around Delhi from early history to the Middle Ages comes mainly from the archaeological excavations at Purana Quila site. Proof the Mauryan Period (300 BC) offered by the presence of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW), a fine earthenware marked by a polished surface, and punch marked coins. According YD Sharma, "habitation seems to have begun at or around the place in Delhi about three thousand years ago. During the Purana Quila, raised in the sixteenth century, trial excavation in 1955 revealed that there appears a fine gray earthenware, usually painted with simple designs in black. Known as the Painted Grey Ware (PGW), this pottery is often dated to c. 1000 Bc Archaeological Experience has shown that the region in and around Delhi were inhabited from the past. Stone Age tools found signs of this. Stone tools belonging to early stone age were discovered from the Aravalli tracts in and around Anangpur the Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, the northern ridge and elsewhere – evidence that the Early People lived here. Excavations at Mandoli and Bhorgarh eastern and north-west Delhi respectively have thrown up remains of Chalcolithic period dating back to the second millennium BC, the first millennium BC and remnants of the fourth century AD-5 tracer here. The excavations of the ancient pile of Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandavas, located in the fold of the sixteenth century Purana Quila revealed evidence of continuous habitation of the area for nearly 2500 years.
India is a land of religions. This has facilitated the origin of many organized religions as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jihad, Sikhism etc. Religions have always affected the daily lives of the inhabitants of India. While India is known for its history writings, its authors were leaving very religious literature, there are epics, stories and philosophical treatises. It can be said with certainty that the two epics that have defined Indian Psyche is-the Mahabharata and Ramayana.
Mahabharata:
Delhi's history is closely with the Mahabharata, called the national epic India. It is a very passionate work is often compared to the Iliad, the national epic of classical Greece. The core of the Mahabharata is a great war between the opposing forces of right and wrong brother represented the Pandavas and Kaurava respectively. Composed in the classical Sanskrit language out of 10,000 stanzas, is the epic attributed to the sage Veda Vyasa. Mahabharata is a mixture of both fables and sacred literature. It describes rationally impossible holdings attributed to divine, semi-divine and mortal. The Great War described in great detail, is a product of highly sophisticated cognitive functions imagination. The weapon, described war includes fancy infantry vehicles as chariots, advanced ballistic munitions, including precision-fire arrows, weapons systems like guided bombs, nuclear weapons etc. epic like Ramayana not fail to amaze the reader with clarity of its descriptions and the richness of its detail. Mahabharata was possibly inspired by a skirmish between two tribes. Excessive and combined with a lively imagination a little story went to capture the imagination of its readers and has deep penetration and strong effect on their psyche. The extent of the war expanded in the presence of gods and divine beings. As a chapter, or rather a book in the epic is the divine revelation "Gita", described as the ideal lifestyle (as per Dharma & principles Karma) as described by Krishna an avatar of Lord Vishnu. A heady mix of the sacred and the profane do Mahabharata a very convincing story.
Thus, folklore attributes the laying of foundations of Delhi to the eldest Pandava brother Yudhishtira. Delhi finds mention in the epic as a place that had a thick jungle inhabited of many species of animals and tribal people. Its transformation began after the arrival of the main characters in the epic-Pandava brothers. The "righteous" brothers burning jungle which resulted in the death of all its residents. There was only one survivor of this carnage daemon Maya who was also an architect who was saved from his promise to build a unique city that would never be repeated anywhere in the world, anytime. On the newly acquired space, built Maya the Pandavas their new capital Indraprastha – 'House the king of the gods. "This burning Kandava Forest could have been a symbol of the slash and burn technique used previously to claim land. Legends emphasize that this was the first city of Delhi. Nigambod Ghat, a sacred cremation grounds for Hindus who are still in use and Nilichatri temple situated on the banks of Yamuna are believed to have been built by Yudhishtira, the eldest brother of Pandavas-protagonists of the epic, Mahabharatha. Even mythical, the orgiastic violence that marked the creation of the the first city (albeit mythical) would be a recurring theme in the history of Delhi.
Even hard archaeological evidence has been hard to come with the strong link between Delhi and the epic continues. As if to confirm the legend, there was actually a village near the Purana Quila area called Indrapat. In the words eminent archaeologist YD Sharma, "It is significant that the Painted Grey Ware appears in several places in the story of the great epic Mahabharata, and a of these places, Indraprastha, the capital of Pandavas, is traditionally identified with Delhi. Characteristically enough, a village named Indarpat, which of course is derived from the word Indraprastha, lay in the Purana Qila, even until the beginning of this century when it was cleared along with other villages to make space for the capital New Delhi to be laid off. "
Like its origin, etymology of Delhi is also shrouded in mists of time. Not many older travelers have mentioned about Delhi with Ptolemy becomes an exception. He mentions in his writings about a place called "daidala" near Indraprastha identified with Delhi. According to other legends after fall in Indraprastha, called a king or Dillu Delu who ruled the strategic region Kannauj founded the city Dilli around 57 BC According to this legend, which originates Delhi (Dilli called in Hindi) named after King Delu / Dillu. It is also known that coins in circulation in the region during Rajput was called delhiwal, suggesting a link to Dilli. There is also a theory that name of the land, possibly derived from Dilli, a corruption of dehleez or dehali-Hindi for 'threshold' and symbolic of the city as a gateway to the Indo-Gangetic Plains. There is no consistent evidence of these diverse theories.
The political history of Delhi begins with the arrival by Tomar Rajput. Tomar was probably feudatories of the powerful northern Indian emperor Harshavardana. It was possibly after his death that Tomar was bold enough to strike at their own.They had originally settled on "Suraj Satisfaction" area near Delhi. Archaeological evidence has shown that there are many temples, tanks and fortifications in and around the field that points to the existence of a flourishing society. In the middle of the area is the village Anangpur associate it with the founder of Delhi Anangpal who it is assumed living Around the eighth century. The Rajput built two formal urban areas where population was concentrated, Suraj Satisfaction area and Mehrauli. The Suraj Satisfaction area has many architectural back. The leading them Suraj Satisfaction Dam (dated around the eighth century) and Tank of the same name dated (around the 10th century). King Anangpal be created ideal conditions have allowed the population growth in and around Suraj Satisfaction. This probably also brought in wealth and prosperity to the region bring to front the threat of invasions. The Tomar therefore felt the need to fortify their growing buying in order to organize urban living as well as protection from marauding invaders. Consequently, they built the first city of Delhi called Lalkot.
The extension of Delhi during Tomar attracted attention in the Chauhan clan who became powerful rulers, who had concentrated their usually range between Sambhar and Ajmer in Rajasthan, northern India. The Chauhan ruler Vigraharaja defeated Tomar and left Delhi for his brother Prithviraj Chauhan to administer. Prithviraj was known for its military superiority. He is also known for kidnapping and the marriage of his rival Jayaraj daughter Samyuktha. His exploits have been recorded in the rhetorical title work his courtier Chand Bardaï, Chad "Prithviraj Raso". He has also expanded Lalkot endings to include newer areas. His extension of Lalkot was known as Qila-Rai Pithora.
The battle of Tarain:
India was known in the medieval world as a very rich soil. Politically fragmented and parceled among many rulers, the central weakness of India was the lack of a central leadership or a sense of political unity. This template was an open invitation for enterprising attackers. Many attackers have accepted this invitation, they came, destroyed everything in their path, looted and its wealth to their hearts content. The source of most of the looted wealth was Hindu temples, as they were repositories of wealth. Most of these perpetrators chose to return home and enjoy the newfound wealth. Those who choose to live exceptionally ultimately lost their specific identity and became one of the inhabitants.
It was the ascension of Mohammad Ghori in Afghanistan, there was a game changing for Indian rulers and its inhabitants. Mohammad Ghori was not a particularly bright military general, and had faced some major military defeat which had left him lick his wounds. An ambitious person wishing to expand his kingdom, his attention turned to India. He had already heard about the enormous wealth in India and his main inspiration was Mohammad of Ghazni, who had attacked India several times and returned with immense booty. Mohammad of Ghazni is known for its attacks on Somanatha temple in Gujarat.
Ghori Nations raids to India was met with resistance, but not enough to deter him from grabbing large areas. His territorial gains and ambition brought him to the border of one of the most powerful kingdoms of Delhi then ruled by the iconic Prithviraj Chauhan. Despite Prithviraj's fearsome reputation, the trumpets of war sounded and the armies met at Tarain Located near Delhi in 1191 Facing a Rajput coalition led by Prithviraj Ghori was soundly defeated. He barely survived with the help of a water carrier. Humiliated, he thirsted after revenge. He returned to the battlefield the next year. In 1192 Ghori was able to redeem his earlier failure and the Hindu Rajput army was crucial defeated. Although there are different versions about the fate of Prithviraj, it is believed that he was killed on the battlefield in order to demoralize his troops, and other rulers, which can have potentially presented resistance.
The defeat and murder of Prithviraj Chauhan was a watershed in the history of Delhi. Unlike previous boarders wanted Mohammad Ghori to stay and consolidate its gains. He appointed his deputy, Qutub-ud-your Aibak to administer its Indian territories. Qutub-ud-your fine to his king and expectations went on to defeat other rulers in northern India to expand its territory. By twist of fate, Mohammad Ghori was killed and Aibak declared himself Sultan of India. He chose Delhi as his administrative capital. With exceptions, when the capital was moved outside due to strategic reasons, have always been the capital of Delhi in India and continues to be the pivot on which political power is running around in India.
Although there already is a regionally important city, Delhi were only one capital after being taken by Muhammad of Ghor in 1192 after his victory against Prithviraj Chauhan. There were various reasons for the Turko-Afghans established Delhi as their capital. (A) The original power base was in Afghanistan and Punjab and Delhi were close to both these places (2) Delhi is strategically located on the River Yamuna for easy transport and guarantee agricultural prosperity (3) It is located at the crossroads between mountains and desert. Most of the internal trade traffic between Central Asia and Peninsular India went through this area (4) Delhi had turned into a potent symbol of Hindu power (5) It was a fortified city with protection for its new residents (6) It could be used as a secure base for further acquisition of territory in India.
In the words of John Finnemore – Age by age, the invader after invader swept into the country through the Khyber Pass, that lonely hole in the vast mountainous violence is the only road that India might enter. All has marched down from the mountains and into the joy of the rich plains of Punjab. So after winning them, they have heard with surprise stories of a more just and goodly land to south, a country with beautiful cities kept with the richness of the broad plains waving with luxuriant crops, a land of grain and wine and oil. So they pressed on and on. On their right hand, they found a large desert spread away. On their left rose far mountain wall of the Himalayas. But even an easy way stood in front of them …… It was not only erases Old Delhi offers an easy way, it also ensures ample stocks of food. So, from the earliest days every attacker had to intervene and keep Delhi Delhi. Addressing the fact that he could be able to march forward to keep it to him to find his way barred on the way back. To do this he must be the strongest man in his day. Therefore he held Delhi, held in India.
Delhi thus turning a new leaf in its history after the capture of Qutub-ud-your-Aibak. Aibak is an experienced General concentrated on consolidating his regime. As a strategy, he focuses on clearing all administrative symbols Chauhan (Hindu) Article including destruction of religious buildings such as Hindu and Jaina temples, which were widespread during the Rajput rule. Buildings or monuments have always been one of the primary tools imperialism. So even though he destroyed these temples, he re-arranged them in the base of the largest Vishnu Temple in the area to create the earliest mosque in northern India "Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque ". For more about Islamic influence on architecture in Delhi, please read" Qutub Minar-The Tower of Power. "The attackers also strengthened Lalkot endings and created a palace for their leader to live. Traces of Structure called Khushk Safed and white palace has been unearthed during Archeological studies. Aibak had just started a building frenzy. The architectural make-over began with him was pursued by the rulers who followed him. The attackers almost took over the political ruler of the date of their arrival and the impact of Islam felt for the next six centuries and a half until the 1857th
Ironically, Delhi was again located and re-branded with the new owners-the Islamic invasion. They made Delhi the most attractive Islamic capital attract some prominent travelers, soldiers and intellectuals from throughout the Islamic world. The town was established the Islamic political aspirations. It was the most happening city for an aspiring Muslim to be in. Its great monuments and unlimited wealth was the talk of the Islamic world.
The dynasty which ruled from Delhi,:
Delhi went to see frequent changes of guard in respect of dynasties. While dynasties changed their fundamental characteristic remained constant-Muslim. The list of dynasties that ruled Delhi is as below:
1st Rajput (Tomar & Chauhan) 736-1192 AD
(Consolidation of Turko-Afghan rule) from 1192 to 1206 AD
2nd Mamluk Dynasty 1206-1290 AD
3rd Khilji Dynasty 1290-1320 AD
4th Tughlaq Dynasty 1320-1413 AD
5th Sayyid Dynasty 1414-1451 AD
6th Lodi Dynasty 1451-1526 AD
7th Mughal Dynasty 1526-1857 AD
8th English 1857-1947 AD
Delhi as the center of power also saw construction of many cities. Each ruler wanted to stamp his authority over members of the ruling class and inhabitants. They tried to overwhelm and overpower it held to ensure a certain level of security to their rule (like the more modern "shock & awe" tactics). While chronicle ears have numbered more than seventeen such cities, we are able to clearly identify the remains of nine.
The Cities of Delhi:
1st Lalkot-attributable King Anangpal
2nd Qila-Rai-Prithviraj Chauhan Pithora
3rd Siri-Ala-out-your Khilji
4th Tughlaqabad-Ghiyas-out-your Tughlaq
5th Jahanpanah-Mohammad bin Tughlaq
6th Feroz Shah Kotlas-Feroz Shah Tughlaq
7th Dinpanah / Sher Garh, Humayun & Sher Shah
8th Shahjahanabad-Shahjahan
9th New Delhi-British
The cities Delhi itself were victims of cannibalism. When a ruler wanted to build a new city, he would destroy an existing and reuse its materials to build his dream city. Among the many cities that were built in Delhi, two prominent them exist today, Shahjahanabad and New Delhi represents contrasting periods. Both of them also include abundant remains of former cities.
Thus, Delhi is not just one city, but the combination of many. To reiterate its history goes back more than 1000 years. Compared to Delhi, the other major cities in India, including Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay), Chennai (formerly known as Madras) Hyderabad, Bengaluru (earlier known as Bangalore), Kolkata (formerly Calcutta-name) are all relatively new stories as far as political weight is concerned.
The carnage:
Many invaders have landed in Delhi and they did their bit to shed the blood of its inhabitants. Many such pogroms were recorded in detail by Muslim chroniclers ears. During the attack of Timur and Nadir Shah, Delhi witnessed huge killings, which can in modern standards regarded as genocide. Such killings were again repeated by bloodthirsty villains as Ahmad Shah Abdali, the Rohillas etc.
During the first organized revolt in 1857 against the British, any action moved to Delhi is considering its associations with power and presence of the nominal Mughal ruler Bahadur Shah Zafar. When the rebels reached Delhi, they made him the nominal leader of the movement. Because of endogenous reasons, the rebellion is doomed to failure. Delhi saw some heavy fighting between insurgents and British troops. Post revolt, took the English revenge on participants and all suspected sympathizers. Revenge was both bloody and humiliating. Their efforts would have put any dictatorial regime to shame.
Residents in the Indian subcontinent exhibited "masochistic tendencies" when heading to their independence from the British, the nation was divided into India and Pakistan in 1947. People moved between these two countries, primarily based on their religion. They killed, looted and raped each other's women. Needless to say partition resulted in death for many people, as well as loss of millions of dollars. Many people also disappeared and the violence left a deep scar in the psyche of both nations, India and Pakistan. Its effect continues even today.
CONCLUSION:
Modern India had to tackle its own problems after its independence in 1947. One of the events that had far-reaching events were sharing of the country (as above). This event had a profound effect on Delhi. It completely changed the demographic pattern of Delhi as floods of immigrants poured into it. It is estimated that the population of Delhi in the decade 1941-1951 increased by 90.0%. Huge rehabilitation colonies were set-up in different parts of the city. Most of these immigrants was Punjabi entrepreneurs who brought their knack for the company to Delhi. When the political dust down and economic conditions began to improve these new settlers were pioneers in opening new frontiers in the then remote locations in Delhi, which today is known as the exclusive home of the rich. To manage and plan for what was Even then, a turbulent future, the parliament adopted the Delhi Development Act and paved the way for creation of the Delhi Development Authority (DDA) in 1957. The area of Delhi which was 43.25 km ² of 1901 grew to 624 square kilometers in 1991.
Contemporary Delhi is a mix of medieval and modern. Its old values with modern fighting forces of change. Its socio-cultural life consists of many layers and different time zones & they overlap, interact and assimilate into a continuum of unexplained complexity. Not many metropolitan cities can claim the historical traces of this city. Delhi is truly a historic city with more than 10 different dynasties ruling it at different times. Its skyline has been transformed many times. One of the biggest game changers is architecture. Despite centuries, still many of the monumental architecture found in Delhi in different stages of preservation. They include mosques, forts, pleasure palaces, tombs, wells, dams, etc. They compete with modern glass and steel buildings to get attention. They never fail to remind a visitor of its historical significance.
The ruins and ramparts still high in dignity – and in the middle of them rise modern buildings and giant skyscrapers. It's a breathtaking synthesis of yesterday and tomorrow, the holding to the past and surging forward to the future. Today the ruins of these aforementioned ancient and medieval royal citadels with Shahjahanabad and Lutyens' Delhi is a part of Delhi in the twenty-first century. Altogether, the city Delhi evolved over time metamorphosis since antiquity, and had the distinction is the capital and epicenter of politics and intrigue, as the Sultanate period. The history of Delhi is strewn with the creation of several architectural masterpieces, and many remnants and ruins that are now an integral part of the cultural heritage of this amazing city. Its traditional historical and cultural identity struggles to survival against radical powers modernity.
Today Delhi is the blend of old and new. N ew Delhi, the capital of India, geographically dispersed over the west bank of the river Yamuna is one of the fastest growing cities in India. It is the third largest city in India, and now the most preferred city in terms of investment, industrialization, Information Technology, Healthcare, Real Estate, etc. for the modern visitor to Delhi, there are enough and more to imprison his / her senses. Maybe it can not be an exaggeration if you boldly state there is no city like Delhi. But a little warning, understand it, to enjoy it.
Appendix:
A few prominent monuments in Delhi:
(1) Qutub Minar Complex:
(A), Qutub Minar, Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque
(B) Tomb of Iltutmish
(C) Alauddin Khilji grave
(D) Alai Darwaza
(2) Siri Fort
(3) Sultan Ghari's tomb
(4) Tughlaquabad Fort Complex:
(A) Gates
(B) Palace
(C) underground tunnels
(D) Tank
(E) Adilabad
(F) Ghiyassuddin's Tomb
(5) JahanPanah
(A) Bijay Mandal
(B) Begumpur Mosque
(C), Kalu Sarai Mosque
(D) Lal Gumbad
(E) Khirki Mosque
(6) Chirag Delhi Mosque
(Seven) Hauz Khas
(8) Firoz Shah Kotlas
(A) Mosque
(B) Asoka Pillar
(C) Baoli
(9) Moth Ki Masjid
(10) Mohammad Wali Masjid
(11) Gumbad Bada
(12) Bathing Khan ka Gumbad
(13) Mubarak Shah's Tomb
(14) Sikander Lodi's Tomb
(15) Gumbad Sheesh
(16) Safdarjung's Tomb
(17) Purana Quila:
(A) Quila-i-Masjid Kohna
(B) Gateways
(C) Sher Mandal
(18) Khairul Manazil Masjid
(19) Humayun's Tomb complex
(A) Humayun's Tomb
(B) Atgah Khan's Tomb
(C) Isa Khan's Tomb and Mosque
(D) Bu Halima's Garden
(E) Afsarwala tomb and mosque
(F) Arab Serai
(20) Khan-i-Khanan grave
(21) Nizamuddin complex
(A) Nizamuddin's Tomb
(B) Chausath Khamba
(C) Amir Khusro's Tomb
(D) Baoli
(E) Jahanara's Tomb
(22) Shahjahanabad
(A) Red Fort Complex
(B) Jama Masjid
(C) Fatehpuri Masjid
(D) Jami Masjid
(23), Delhi Gate
(24) Lalkot walls
(25) Quila-Rai Pithora
(26) Adham Khan's Tomb
(27) Balban's Tomb
(28) Rajon-ki-Baoli
(29) Jahaz Mahal
(30) Jamali Kamali Mosque & grave
© Sanjai Velayudhan.
The author would like to hear from you-both bouquets & brickbats. You are welcome to write to him sanjai.velayudhan @ gmail.com.
About the Author
A behavioural trainer by education and a loyalty specialist by profession, Sanjai has PG qualifications in Training and Performance management from Centre for Labour Market Studies(CLMS), University of Leicester. Sanjai is a compulsive thinker & prolific writer. he has chosen articlesbase to publish his thoughts. He strongly believes that what comes out of a writing is not words, but Thoughts. He also writes papers on loyalty programmes and the psychology behind it. He has delivered talks at specialist gatherings. To know more about him, read his articles or view his talks, Just google “sanjai velayudhan”.
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